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Script TB-500

An evidence-intensity heatmap of the TB-500 and thymosin β4 literature — every finding graded by how hot the data actually run, the cardiac signal read first, and where compounded access truly stands.

ORIGINAL PAPERS SHOW WHAT WAS TESTED

TB-500 references show which substance each study tested

TB-500 is the small fragment discussed with thymosin beta-4. This page gives you the papers supporting the research claims. Some tested cells or animals, while others studied people or reviewed earlier work. Those different tests can't answer the same questions about your health.

Read the findings in plain wordsSee the mixed heart results

Numbers beside findings lead you to the original papers

Each number beside a finding points to a paper below. The TB-500 study papers cover whole thymosin beta-4 and the TB-500 fragment. The paper tells you which substance was used and what was tested. Links lead to the paper or its study listing, so you can check the finding.

The cell study showed one protein holding onto another used in movement [1]. That finding explains a cell process, without proving treatment for your injury. Heart studies examined surviving cells, new vessels, protection and repair [2][7][8][9][10][12]. Wound and stroke papers describe healing and amounts tested [3][4], while reviews bring together earlier studies [5][13].

The Phase 1 early human safety test used the complete protein [6]. Other papers tested changes in liver scarring [14][15]. A 2026 review considered TB-500 and BPC-157 among unapproved substances [11]. The papers let you trace the findings, while human proof for the fragment stays missing.

  1. Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
  2. Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. ↗
  3. Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
  4. Morris DC, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. ↗
  5. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  6. Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. ↗
  7. Smart N, et al. Thymosin β4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularization. Nature. 2007;445(7124):177-182. ↗
  8. Smart N, et al. Thymosin β4 is an essential paracrine factor of embryonic endothelial progenitor cell-mediated vasculogenesis. Circulation. 2008;118(18):1889-1900. ↗
  9. Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:88-101. ↗
  10. Srivastava D, Saxena A, Dimaio JM, Bock-Marquette I. Thymosin beta4 and cardiac repair. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:87-96. ↗
  11. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  12. Wang Z, et al. Thymosin β4 increases cardiac cell proliferation, cell engraftment, and the reparative potency of mesenchymal stromal cells in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. Theranostics. 2021;11(16):7847-7861. ↗
  13. Xing Y, et al. Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:767785. ↗
  14. Zhu J, et al. Mechanism of thymosin β4 in ameliorating liver fibrosis via the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2023;37(8):e23338. ↗
  15. Kim J, et al. Targeted Deletion of Thymosin Beta 4 in Hepatic Stellate Cells Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis. Cells. 2023;12(12):1658. ↗
  16. Cha HJ, Jeong MJ, Kleinman HK. Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003. ↗
  17. Zhang Y, et al. Thymosin beta 4 is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer cells and stimulates proinflammatory cytokine secretion and JNK activation. Cancer Biol Ther. 2008. ↗
  18. Ho EN, et al. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2012. ↗
  19. Spurney CF, et al. Evaluation of skeletal and cardiac muscle function after chronic administration of thymosin beta-4 in the dystrophin deficient mouse. PLoS One. 2010. ↗
  20. Delcourt V, et al. TB500/TB1000 and SGF1000: A scientific approach for a better understanding of misbranded and adulterated drugs. Drug Test Anal. 2023. ↗