Script TB-500

EVIDENCE HEATMAP / ON THE RECORD

TB-500 references and citations

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of the studies below. The list is the thymosin beta-4 and TB-500 record we read from — structural, animal, human, and review.

Read the researchCardiac research

The cited record

These are the TB-500 references and citations used across this site, numbered as they appear in the inline markers. Where most efficacy findings used full-length thymosin beta-4 rather than the TB-500 fragment, that is noted in the body text beside the claim. Each entry below carries a DOI or a PubMed link so the source can be verified directly.

The list spans the structural basis of actin sequestration [1], the cardiac and developmental findings [2][7][8][9][10][12], the wound and stroke dose-response work [3][4], the consolidating reviews [5][13], the human Phase 1 safety study of the parent protein [6], the recent fibrosis studies [14][15], and the 2026 narrative review situating TB-500 and BPC-157 among unapproved peptides [11].

  1. Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
  2. Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. ↗
  3. Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
  4. Morris DC, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. ↗
  5. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  6. Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. ↗
  7. Smart N, et al. Thymosin β4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularization. Nature. 2007;445(7124):177-182. ↗
  8. Smart N, et al. Thymosin β4 is an essential paracrine factor of embryonic endothelial progenitor cell-mediated vasculogenesis. Circulation. 2008;118(18):1889-1900. ↗
  9. Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:88-101. ↗
  10. Srivastava D, Saxena A, Dimaio JM, Bock-Marquette I. Thymosin beta4 and cardiac repair. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:87-96. ↗
  11. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  12. Wang Z, et al. Thymosin β4 increases cardiac cell proliferation, cell engraftment, and the reparative potency of mesenchymal stromal cells in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. Theranostics. 2021;11(16):7847-7861. ↗
  13. Xing Y, et al. Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:767785. ↗
  14. Zhu J, et al. Mechanism of thymosin β4 in ameliorating liver fibrosis via the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2023;37(8):e23338. ↗
  15. Kim J, et al. Targeted Deletion of Thymosin Beta 4 in Hepatic Stellate Cells Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis. Cells. 2023;12(12):1658. ↗