# TB-500 References and Citations: The Thymosin Beta-4 Literature | TB-500

> TB-500 references and citations: the thymosin beta-4 and TB-500 studies cited across this site, with DOIs and PubMed links — from the 2004 actin structure to the 2026 Sports Medicine review.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of the studies below. The list is the thymosin beta-4 and TB-500 record we read from — structural, animal, human, and review.

## The cited record

These are the [TB-500 references and citations](/references) used across this site, numbered as they appear in the inline markers. Where most efficacy findings used full-length thymosin beta-4 rather than the TB-500 fragment, that is noted in the body text beside the claim. Each entry below carries a DOI or a PubMed link so the source can be verified directly.

The list spans the structural basis of actin sequestration [1], the cardiac and developmental findings [2][7][8][9][10][12], the wound and stroke dose-response work [3][4], the consolidating reviews [5][13], the human Phase 1 safety study of the parent protein [6], the recent fibrosis studies [14][15], and the 2026 narrative review situating TB-500 and BPC-157 among unapproved peptides [11].

## References

[1] Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15329672/
[2] Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565145/
[3] Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/
[4] Morris DC, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25060418/
[5] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/
[6] Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/
[7] Smart N, et al. Thymosin β4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularization. Nature. 2007;445(7124):177-182. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05383
[8] Smart N, et al. Thymosin β4 is an essential paracrine factor of embryonic endothelial progenitor cell-mediated vasculogenesis. Circulation. 2008;118(18):1889-1900. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.107.758904
[9] Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:88-101. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17600280/
[10] Srivastava D, Saxena A, Dimaio JM, Bock-Marquette I. Thymosin beta4 and cardiac repair. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:87-96. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536454/
[11] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[12] Wang Z, et al. Thymosin β4 increases cardiac cell proliferation, cell engraftment, and the reparative potency of mesenchymal stromal cells in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. Theranostics. 2021;11(16):7847-7861. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34335970/
[13] Xing Y, et al. Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:767785. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.767785
[14] Zhu J, et al. Mechanism of thymosin β4 in ameliorating liver fibrosis via the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2023;37(8):e23338. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37211724/
[15] Kim J, et al. Targeted Deletion of Thymosin Beta 4 in Hepatic Stellate Cells Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis. Cells. 2023;12(12):1658. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12121658

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A reading of the TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 record graded by heat — each finding rated for how hot its data run, the parent-protein substitutions flagged cell by cell, and the human-evidence band left cold and labeled; no clinic behind the matrix and nothing here prescribed or sold.